Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Essay Example

Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Essay Example Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Essay Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Essay Rogers theorized that there were three egos in us: the self-concept, the ideal ego, and the existent ego. The self-concept is the manner a individual sees him or herself ; the ideal ego is who one would wish to be ; the existent ego is who one really is ; and congruity is the sum of understanding between the three ( Bruno, 1977 ) . The more congruity, that is, the greater a person’s thought of who they are in mention to what they want to be, the more self-accepting they are, and therefore healthier. The 4th phase ( unconditioned positive respect ) , merely means that the healer accepts and values the client regardless of any issues they may hold, leting the client to research his or her ain individual without judgement ( Palmer, 2000 ) . This ambiance of psychological safety within the guidance session could merely come about through unconditioned positive respect. Rogers believed that low dignity ( or low congruity ) was the consequence of the client holding been judged in the yesteryear, either by parents, instructors or other authorization figures, who acted as if the kid had no intrinsic value as a individual unless he or she behaved the manner they wanted him or her to ( therefore exhibiting conditional respect ) ( Rogers, 1961, 283 ) . Unconditional positive respect is an counterpoison to the client’s earlier experiences. The 5th phase ( empathy, or empathic apprehension ) entails the healer seeing the client’s universe as if it were their ain. Two processes come into drama here: contemplation and elucidation. Reflection occurs when the healer repeats fragments of what the client has said with small alteration, conveying to the client a nonjudgmental apprehension of his/her statements ; elucidation occurs when the healer abstracts the nucleus or the kernel of a set of comments by the client ( Rogers, 1951 ) . The latter technique non merely acknowledges that the healer is listening, but provides the client with an chance to analyze his or her ain ideas and feelings as they are repeated back to them. In other systems of therapy, empathy with the client may be considered a preliminary measure frontward, but in person-centered therapy, it really makes up a major part of the work itself ( Bozarth, 1998 ) . The 6th and last status is a combination of four ( unconditioned positive respect ) and five ( empathy ) . Rogers’ belief is that the incarnation of this combination by the healer, every bit good as the client’s perceptual experience of such, will engender the actualizing inclination ; i.e. , â€Å"the inclination of the being to turn in a positive and constructive way, and for the individual to go all of his/her potentialities† ( Bozarth, 1998 ) . This ideal human status is embodied in the â€Å"fully functioning person† who is â€Å"open to see, able to populate existentially, is swearing in his/her ain being, expresses feelings freely, acts independently, is originative and lives a richer life† ( Wyatt, 2001 ) . It is besides of import to observe that this life in inquiry is a procedure, non a province of being, and a way, non a finish ( Wyatt, 2001 ) . The fully-functioning individual, as defined by Rogers, involves the undermentioned qualities: 1. Openness to Experience. This is the antonym of defensiveness, intending an accurate perceptual experience of one’s experiences in the universe, and the ability to accept world. Feelingss are of import here because they convey organismal valuing. If one can non be unfastened to one’s feelings, one can non be unfastened to realization. 2. Experiential Life. This is populating in the present minute, and non in the yesteryear or the hereafter. This doesn’t mean that one shouldn’t remember and learn from the past, or that one shouldn’t program or believe about the hereafter. These things merely necessitate to be understood for what they are: memories and ends, which are being experienced in the present. 3. Organismal Trusting. This is leting ourselves to be guided by the organismal valuing procedure, that is, making what experience right and what comes of course. This entails swearing one’s existent ego, which can merely be assessed if one is in contact with the actualizing inclination. 4. Experiential Freedom. This is the thought that it is irrelevant if people have free will or non: people really much feel that they do, and experience free when picks are made available to them. The fully-functioning individual acknowledges their freedom, and takes duty for their picks. 5. Creativity. This is the impression that if one feels free and responsible, one will move consequently, and take part in the universe. A fully-functioning individual, in touch with realization, will experience obliged to lend to the realization of others. This can happen via parts to the humanistic disciplines and scientific disciplines or to society in general ; through parental love ; or merely by making good at work ( all from Boeree, 1998 ) . The chief jobs with Rogers’ theory have to make with the deficiency of preciseness and specificity in respects to some of the constructs and footings. Krebs and Blackman rate the logical consistence as â€Å"fair, † and claim that some connexions are non truly clear, and that it does non decently or to the full address phases of development ( Maddi, 1996 ) . Rogers has besides been criticized for his open attending to witting experience, and deficiency of focal point to the unconscious ( Nietzel, Benstein, Milich, 1994 ) . Others have criticized the theory for being elitist, specifically in footings of fully-functioning persons and human potency. Rogers’ standards for such merely doesn’t apply to some, specifically those who have limited potencies in the first topographic point, and are missing in the capacity for creativeness and free look ( Pescitelli, 1996 ) . The fact is, the theory can merely be applied to those parts of the population whose rational and cultural backgrounds are compatible with the therapy, and the overall constructs are merely non comprehensive plenty to use to all persons ( Nietzel et. Al, 1994 ) . In add-on, some human conditions, such as mental illness, do non do much sense harmonizing to Rogers’ theory. The sociopath seemingly feels no guilt, uncomfortableness or compunction for his or her actions. There is no anxiousness, and so incongruence will non be present ( Pescitelli, 1996 ) . Take even further, how does this use to the belief that fully-functioning individual should make what comes of course to them? Should a sadist be allowed to ache others, or a masochist themselves? Should an alcoholic drink to their fill, or a depressive putting to death themselves? These unfavorable judgments, every bit good as others, have neer truly been resolved, and are partly responsible for Rogerian and person-centered therapy in general being relegated non to the borders needfully, but surely to a minor function in today’s psychotherapeutic clime. However, the chief ground for this slump merely has to make with the altering face of psychological science. Research over the last two decennaries has been specificity-based specifying specific interventions for specific psychological jobs – which goes against much of what Rogers believed. But Roger’s parts can non be undervalued. Some of his nucleus constructs – viz. empathy – have found their manner into infinite countries of pattern, and over the last 10 old ages at that place has been renewed involvement in person-centred therapy, peculiarly in Europe. There has besides been a revival in research by the likes of Tausch, Greenberg, Lietaer, McLeod, Prouty, Warner and Mearns. Rogers himself, who died in 1986 and spent his last decennary using his theories to countries of societal struggle in topographic points such as Ireland, South Africa and Russia, would no uncertainty be pleased. Bibliography Blake, T.Digesting Issues in Psychology. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc. , 1995. Boeree, C. â€Å"Carl Rogers.† Shippensburg University, Department of Psychology, 1998. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/rogers.html Bozarth, J.D.The Person-Centered Approach: A Revolutionary Paradigm. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books, 1998. Bruno, Frank J. â€Å"Client-Centered Guidance: Becoming a Person.† InHuman Adjustment and Personal Growth: Seven Nerve pathwaies, John Wiley A ; Sons, 1977. Hall, Kathy. â€Å"Carl Rogers.† Muskingum College, Department of Psychology, 1997. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/rogers.htm Hart, J.T. and Tomlinson, T.M.New Directions in Client-Centered Therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970. Maddi, S.R. Personality theories: A comparative analysis ( 6th ed. ) . Toronto: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. , 1996. McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Rogers’ Humanist Person-Centered Approach to Counselling.† Simply Psychology, 2006. Nietzel, B.M. , Bernstein, D.A. , Milich, R. Introduction to Clinical Psychology ( 4th ed. ) . N.J. : Prentice Hall Inc. , 1994. Palmer, S.Introduction to Counselling and Psychotherapy: the Essential Guide. London: Sage Publications ; 2000. Pescitelli, Dagmar. â€Å"An Analysis of Carl Rogers Theory of Personality.† Personality and Consciousness, 1996. hypertext transfer protocol: //pandc.ca/ ? cat=carl_rogers A ; page=rogerian_theory Rogers, Carl. Carl Rogers on Personal Power. New York: Delacorte Press, 1977. Rogers, Carl.Client-Centered Therapy. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1951. Rogers, Carl. â€Å"A Client-Centered/Person-Centered Approach to Therapy.† In Kirschenbaum, H. and Henderson, V. ( Eds. )The Carl Rogers Reader. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1986. Rogers, Carl and Dymond, Rosalind.Psychotherapy and Personality Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954. Rogers, Carl.A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Psychotherapy. New York: McGraw Hill, 1959. Watson, N. ( 1984 ) . â€Å"The Empirical Status of Rogers’ Hypothesis of the Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Effective Psychotherapy.† In R. F. Levant and J. M. Shlien ( Eds. )Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach: New waies in Theory, Research, and Practice. New York: Praeger, 1984. Wyatt, Gill.Rogers’ Curative Conditionss:Development, Theory and Practice. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books, 2001.