Methodology Accounting Theory and Current Issues †Click on Sample

Question: Discuss about the Methodology for Accounting Theory and Current Issues. Answer: Criticism of Positive Accounting Theory Accounting can be considered as a system of thought, which is developed to assist decision-making process and influence human behavior within a particular setting (Higson, 2003). There is a wide range of accounting theories or approaches among which the Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) has recently been emphasized in different accounting literatures. The theoretical approach was first highlighted by Ross Watts and Jerold Zimmerman in the year 1978 and 1979 respectively. Both of these articles have represented criticism based on three different dimensions of accounting theories such as problems in research methods, philosophy of science and a lack of economics-based accounting investigation (Setyorini Ishak, 2012). PAT has been portrayed as the demonstration of economic positivism. Drawing the scenario from the positive accounting research based on the economic perspective, it has been apparent that the positive accounting theory includes rhetoric as compared to methodology. This ind icates that the theory mainly concentrates on accounting practices rather than focusing on prescribing correct method. Based on the definition presented by Watts and Zimmerman, there is a lack of transparency on the actual objective of PAT. The initial objective of PAT is to predict accounting practices along with proper explanation in contrast to the normative accounting theories (Christenson, 1983). Positive accounting research can be defined as a specific mode of empirical research that has been designed to demonstrate financial practices of different companies. This research aims to develop a PAT, which can provide transparent future potential along with proper explanation on the accounting practices of organizations. In this regard, Watts and Zimmerman have outlined three fundamental hypotheses, which include bonus plan hypothesis, debt equity hypothesis and political hypothesis (Setyorini Ishak, 2012). All these hypotheses concentrate on different perspectives based on which the firms can implement accounting choices and can remain informed about the impact of accounting profit on the monopoly profits as well. Accounting theory usually underpins the enhancement of discipline within the firm by outlining human behavior and other aspects that have an impact on the firms growth. While implementing accounting theories or approaches within a firm, one of the major concerns is th at there is no universal theory that has addressed every subject or field. Thus, the firms have to adopt multiple theories as accounting theories with a precise focus on different subject matters (Gaffikin, 2006). A number of descriptions and classifications of the approaches have been adopted to construct accounting theories. While discussing the accounting theories the concentration mostly revolves around financial reporting and financial accounting (Kabir, 2010). One of the common differences between accounting and reporting is that initially firms engage in generating accounting data and with time they start to communicate the data with the outside reporting entities (Higson, 2003). Similarly, the financial accounting theories focus on relating the contents in the financial statement. While establishing accounting theories, the researchers or accounting theorists emphasize a particular shape to evaluate the world of organizations or managements, which reflect the theme of their investigation (Smith, 2014). In this regard, Higson (2003) defined the term theory as a transparent set of conceptual and hypothetical principle, which helps to form a basic frame of suggestions for a particular fie ld of the investigation. The theories therefore help to enhance understanding regarding the process of generating probable activities in the long-run (Higson, 2003). Based on the present discussion, it has therefore been apparent that PAT concentrates on representing a set of guidance to organizations, which will assist them to determine the suitability of the accounting method or reporting theories. However, concerning the organization requirements, it does not suggest appropriate methods or theories for further development or surviving in the competitive market. This factor can force to reduce the effectiveness of PAT as it cannot provide any suggestion to enhance company growth, which is the preliminary goal of every organization. Besides, organizations adopt accounting theories to stimulate their financial position so that they can gain competitive advantages in the market. PAT in this perspective cannot help the organization to provide expected outcome based on its current accounting practices. PAT is a group of academic research conducted to explain the accounting practices during the current scenario (Kabir, 2010). On the other hand, prior to the establishment of PAT the normative theories were mostly utilized by organizations, which generally emphasized long-term values of economic limitations, which cannot be validated through financial data. The normative theories focus on long period of time for which evaluating financial data and implementing objective will not provide expected outcomes as the theories involve prescribing correct approach (Kabir, 2005). PAT does not concentrate on prescribing correct approach rather it is concerned about evaluating external environment based on which actual decision can be implemented (Kabir, 2010). PAT considers certain factors within an organization that have an impact on its operations such as risk faced by auditors, legal liability and probable loss of clients among others. The theory therefore targets to provide proper explanation regarding the accounting practices through examination along with producing hypothesis (Lukka, 2010). Both of the methods are different based on their priorities as PAT continues to emphasize the dimension of testing whereas normative theories are comparatively less focus on testing. The utilization of PAT leads towards better understanding and prediction whereas normative theories limit standardizing of practices and training to adopt those practices (Kabir, 2005). With respect to these factors, it can be affirmed that the use of PAT will definitely provide better outcomes as compared to other theories. However, the method can be criticized based on the characterizations and current situations. The theory although has better understanding with regard to the accounting practices still it does not provide any clear perspective about the appropriate approaches to organizations (Setyorini Ishak, 2012). On the other hand, organizational development has become one of the most vital concerns in this contemporary business scenario due to high competition and frequent changes in clients preferences. In this perspective, accounting theories help the organizations to enhance their performance along with ensuring high financial capabilities (Smith, 2014). Organizational development further involves enhancing organizational behavior by changing work processes and techniques to control the workforce. Therefore, adopting an appropriate accounting theory will help a business entity to enhance its efficiency in the market. PAT does not provide any proper guidance to organizations about the correct process based on which it can be criticized in terms of adopting for organizational development in the current market context (Setyorini Ishak, 2012). Organizations nowadays need to evaluate the accounting practices to increase the efficiency of decision-making process. Therefore, based on the definition of Watts and Zimmerman, PAT has highlighted certain factors that were not considered for establishing previous accounting theories (Kabir, 2010). However, the major responsibility of these academic theories includes providing guidance to enhance organizational operations along with prescribing an appropriate system for development, which PAT does not include in its priority. Thus, it can be ascertained that PAT represents an abrogation in terms of performing responsibilities of academics as it must include a transparent guideline to the organization through financial accounting or reporting theories (Higson, 2003). References Christenson, C., 1983, The methodology of positive accounting, The Accounting Review, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 1-22. Gaffikin, M., 2006, The critique of accounting theory, Faculty of Commerce-Accounting Finance Working Papers, pp. 1-21. Higson, A., 2003, Corporate Financial Reporting: Theory and Practice, Sage, Thousand Oaks. Kabir, H., 2005, Normative accounting theories, Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz, pp. 1-30. Kabir, H., 2010, Positive accounting theory and science, Journal of Centrum Cathedra, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 136-149. Lukka, K., 2010, The roles and effects of paradigms in accounting research, Management Accounting Research, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 110-115. Setyorini, C. T. Ishak, Z., 2012, Corporate social and environmental disclosure: A positive accounting theory view point, International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 152-164. Smith, M., 2014, Research methods in accounting, Sage, Thousand Oaks.

New Deal and Civilian Conservation Corps free essay sample

The New Deal was a series of programs created by the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, during a time of economic depression to help the poor and destitute people of the nation by creating jobs, providing economic recovery, helping restore damaged areas in the U. S. , and much more. In 1932, when the American public voted President Herbert Hoover out of office, they were searching for an end to the economic troubles and high unemployment rates that had smothered the nation U. S. for two years. [ (Civilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] They turned to Franklin D. Roosevelt, a man who promised better life than the one many people were now living. When FDR took office he immediately commenced revitalization of the nation’s economy. [ (Civilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] In response to the depression that hung over the nation in the early 1930s, President Roosevelt created many programs designed to put Americans back to work. We will write a custom essay sample on New Deal and Civilian Conservation Corps or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [ (Civilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] These programs would eventually be known as the New Deal. President Roosevelt was determined to preserve the pride of American workers in their ability to earn a living, so he concentrated on creating jobs. (Civilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] In his first 100 days in office, President Roosevelt approved several Acts and Programs as parts of his New Deal, including the Emergency Conservation Work Act (ECW), better known as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). [ (Civilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] Also he created the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA), the Wagner Act (NLRB), the National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA), the Works Project Administration (WPA), and many more. One of the many programs President Roosevelt created as part of his New Deal to help people who had been affected by the Great Depression was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The Civilian Conservation Corps sent 250,000 young men to work camps to perform reforestation and conservation tasks. This removed surplus of workers from cities, provided healthy conditions for boys, and provided money for families. [ (New Deal Programs) ] With the creation of this program President Roosevelt brought together the nation’s young men and the land in an effort to save them both. (Civilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] President Roosevelt proposed to recruit thousands of unemployed young men, enlist them in a peacetime army, and send them to battle the erosion and destruction of the nation’s natural resources. [ (Civilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] More than any other New Deal program, the CCC is considered to be an extension of President Roosevelt’s personal philosophy. [ (Ci vilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] The CCC, which also became known as Roosevelt’s Tree Army, was credited with renewing the nation’s decimated forests by planting an estimated three billion trees from 1933 to 1942. (Civilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] This was crucial, especially in states affected by the Dust Bowl, where reforestation was necessary to break the wind, hold water in soil, and hold soil in place. [ (Civilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] So far reaching was the CCC’s reforestation program that it was responsible for more than half the reforestation, public and private, accomplished in the nation’s history. [ (Civilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] Eligibility requirements for the CCC carried several simple stipulations. Congress required U. S. citizenship only. [ (Civilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] Sound physical fitness was mandatory because of the hard physical labor required. [ (Civilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] Men had to be unemployed, unmarried, and between the ages of 18 and 26, although the rules were eventually relaxed for war veterans. [ (Civilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] Enlistment was for duration of six months, although many reenlisted after their allotted time was up. [ (Civilian Conservation Corps CCC) ] Problems were quickly fixed.

SIS 5 Essays (322 words) - Music, Electronic Dance Music

Siddarth Luthra SIS 5 Character Count:1,644 As of now I have one and only one goal following high school. I want to combine my passions into something I can make a living off of. I am a fan of music, being a DJ, and I love anything STEM related. I have been "DJing" for two years, I play the piano, trombone, drum set. I also build PC's, 3D printers, code, and I am part of a competition called Technology Student Association (TSA). While building machines and robots, I learned how to troubleshoot and fix problems and improved schematics given to build the machine. In TSA I have been part of a group and showed leadership giving tasks and making sure everyone in my grop is doing what they are supposed to. My role model is a man that goes by the alias DJ Enferno. DJ Enferno does what I want to do, he uses his STEM knowledge to build DJ controllers, mixers, and turntables to use for himself. He makes his own software, and uses others to make music. He programs MIDI controllers and uses it all to DJ and makes a living off of it. My motivation is seeing DJ Enferno perform, touring with celebrities and much more. I want to use my passion of music and technology to make music and technology that produces music. I feel like a STEM school would definitely benefit me because the STEM oriented community of learners will help me reach my goal by teaching me how to do what I want to do with my life. A STEM oriented community will set me on the path that I want to be and will help me learn how to create proficient software, build machines that produce music like DJ mixers and launchpads, and set me on a path that will take me to the places I want to go in this "path called life"

Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Essay Example

Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Essay Example Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Essay Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Essay Rogers theorized that there were three egos in us: the self-concept, the ideal ego, and the existent ego. The self-concept is the manner a individual sees him or herself ; the ideal ego is who one would wish to be ; the existent ego is who one really is ; and congruity is the sum of understanding between the three ( Bruno, 1977 ) . The more congruity, that is, the greater a person’s thought of who they are in mention to what they want to be, the more self-accepting they are, and therefore healthier. The 4th phase ( unconditioned positive respect ) , merely means that the healer accepts and values the client regardless of any issues they may hold, leting the client to research his or her ain individual without judgement ( Palmer, 2000 ) . This ambiance of psychological safety within the guidance session could merely come about through unconditioned positive respect. Rogers believed that low dignity ( or low congruity ) was the consequence of the client holding been judged in the yesteryear, either by parents, instructors or other authorization figures, who acted as if the kid had no intrinsic value as a individual unless he or she behaved the manner they wanted him or her to ( therefore exhibiting conditional respect ) ( Rogers, 1961, 283 ) . Unconditional positive respect is an counterpoison to the client’s earlier experiences. The 5th phase ( empathy, or empathic apprehension ) entails the healer seeing the client’s universe as if it were their ain. Two processes come into drama here: contemplation and elucidation. Reflection occurs when the healer repeats fragments of what the client has said with small alteration, conveying to the client a nonjudgmental apprehension of his/her statements ; elucidation occurs when the healer abstracts the nucleus or the kernel of a set of comments by the client ( Rogers, 1951 ) . The latter technique non merely acknowledges that the healer is listening, but provides the client with an chance to analyze his or her ain ideas and feelings as they are repeated back to them. In other systems of therapy, empathy with the client may be considered a preliminary measure frontward, but in person-centered therapy, it really makes up a major part of the work itself ( Bozarth, 1998 ) . The 6th and last status is a combination of four ( unconditioned positive respect ) and five ( empathy ) . Rogers’ belief is that the incarnation of this combination by the healer, every bit good as the client’s perceptual experience of such, will engender the actualizing inclination ; i.e. , â€Å"the inclination of the being to turn in a positive and constructive way, and for the individual to go all of his/her potentialities† ( Bozarth, 1998 ) . This ideal human status is embodied in the â€Å"fully functioning person† who is â€Å"open to see, able to populate existentially, is swearing in his/her ain being, expresses feelings freely, acts independently, is originative and lives a richer life† ( Wyatt, 2001 ) . It is besides of import to observe that this life in inquiry is a procedure, non a province of being, and a way, non a finish ( Wyatt, 2001 ) . The fully-functioning individual, as defined by Rogers, involves the undermentioned qualities: 1. Openness to Experience. This is the antonym of defensiveness, intending an accurate perceptual experience of one’s experiences in the universe, and the ability to accept world. Feelingss are of import here because they convey organismal valuing. If one can non be unfastened to one’s feelings, one can non be unfastened to realization. 2. Experiential Life. This is populating in the present minute, and non in the yesteryear or the hereafter. This doesn’t mean that one shouldn’t remember and learn from the past, or that one shouldn’t program or believe about the hereafter. These things merely necessitate to be understood for what they are: memories and ends, which are being experienced in the present. 3. Organismal Trusting. This is leting ourselves to be guided by the organismal valuing procedure, that is, making what experience right and what comes of course. This entails swearing one’s existent ego, which can merely be assessed if one is in contact with the actualizing inclination. 4. Experiential Freedom. This is the thought that it is irrelevant if people have free will or non: people really much feel that they do, and experience free when picks are made available to them. The fully-functioning individual acknowledges their freedom, and takes duty for their picks. 5. Creativity. This is the impression that if one feels free and responsible, one will move consequently, and take part in the universe. A fully-functioning individual, in touch with realization, will experience obliged to lend to the realization of others. This can happen via parts to the humanistic disciplines and scientific disciplines or to society in general ; through parental love ; or merely by making good at work ( all from Boeree, 1998 ) . The chief jobs with Rogers’ theory have to make with the deficiency of preciseness and specificity in respects to some of the constructs and footings. Krebs and Blackman rate the logical consistence as â€Å"fair, † and claim that some connexions are non truly clear, and that it does non decently or to the full address phases of development ( Maddi, 1996 ) . Rogers has besides been criticized for his open attending to witting experience, and deficiency of focal point to the unconscious ( Nietzel, Benstein, Milich, 1994 ) . Others have criticized the theory for being elitist, specifically in footings of fully-functioning persons and human potency. Rogers’ standards for such merely doesn’t apply to some, specifically those who have limited potencies in the first topographic point, and are missing in the capacity for creativeness and free look ( Pescitelli, 1996 ) . The fact is, the theory can merely be applied to those parts of the population whose rational and cultural backgrounds are compatible with the therapy, and the overall constructs are merely non comprehensive plenty to use to all persons ( Nietzel et. Al, 1994 ) . In add-on, some human conditions, such as mental illness, do non do much sense harmonizing to Rogers’ theory. The sociopath seemingly feels no guilt, uncomfortableness or compunction for his or her actions. There is no anxiousness, and so incongruence will non be present ( Pescitelli, 1996 ) . Take even further, how does this use to the belief that fully-functioning individual should make what comes of course to them? Should a sadist be allowed to ache others, or a masochist themselves? Should an alcoholic drink to their fill, or a depressive putting to death themselves? These unfavorable judgments, every bit good as others, have neer truly been resolved, and are partly responsible for Rogerian and person-centered therapy in general being relegated non to the borders needfully, but surely to a minor function in today’s psychotherapeutic clime. However, the chief ground for this slump merely has to make with the altering face of psychological science. Research over the last two decennaries has been specificity-based specifying specific interventions for specific psychological jobs – which goes against much of what Rogers believed. But Roger’s parts can non be undervalued. Some of his nucleus constructs – viz. empathy – have found their manner into infinite countries of pattern, and over the last 10 old ages at that place has been renewed involvement in person-centred therapy, peculiarly in Europe. There has besides been a revival in research by the likes of Tausch, Greenberg, Lietaer, McLeod, Prouty, Warner and Mearns. Rogers himself, who died in 1986 and spent his last decennary using his theories to countries of societal struggle in topographic points such as Ireland, South Africa and Russia, would no uncertainty be pleased. Bibliography Blake, T.Digesting Issues in Psychology. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc. , 1995. Boeree, C. â€Å"Carl Rogers.† Shippensburg University, Department of Psychology, 1998. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/rogers.html Bozarth, J.D.The Person-Centered Approach: A Revolutionary Paradigm. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books, 1998. Bruno, Frank J. â€Å"Client-Centered Guidance: Becoming a Person.† InHuman Adjustment and Personal Growth: Seven Nerve pathwaies, John Wiley A ; Sons, 1977. Hall, Kathy. â€Å"Carl Rogers.† Muskingum College, Department of Psychology, 1997. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/rogers.htm Hart, J.T. and Tomlinson, T.M.New Directions in Client-Centered Therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970. Maddi, S.R. Personality theories: A comparative analysis ( 6th ed. ) . Toronto: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. , 1996. McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Rogers’ Humanist Person-Centered Approach to Counselling.† Simply Psychology, 2006. Nietzel, B.M. , Bernstein, D.A. , Milich, R. Introduction to Clinical Psychology ( 4th ed. ) . N.J. : Prentice Hall Inc. , 1994. Palmer, S.Introduction to Counselling and Psychotherapy: the Essential Guide. London: Sage Publications ; 2000. Pescitelli, Dagmar. â€Å"An Analysis of Carl Rogers Theory of Personality.† Personality and Consciousness, 1996. hypertext transfer protocol: //pandc.ca/ ? cat=carl_rogers A ; page=rogerian_theory Rogers, Carl. Carl Rogers on Personal Power. New York: Delacorte Press, 1977. Rogers, Carl.Client-Centered Therapy. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1951. Rogers, Carl. â€Å"A Client-Centered/Person-Centered Approach to Therapy.† In Kirschenbaum, H. and Henderson, V. ( Eds. )The Carl Rogers Reader. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1986. Rogers, Carl and Dymond, Rosalind.Psychotherapy and Personality Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954. Rogers, Carl.A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Psychotherapy. New York: McGraw Hill, 1959. Watson, N. ( 1984 ) . â€Å"The Empirical Status of Rogers’ Hypothesis of the Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Effective Psychotherapy.† In R. F. Levant and J. M. Shlien ( Eds. )Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach: New waies in Theory, Research, and Practice. New York: Praeger, 1984. Wyatt, Gill.Rogers’ Curative Conditionss:Development, Theory and Practice. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books, 2001.

Harriet Tubman- the most respected personalitie of the 19th century Essay

Harriet Tubman- the most respected personalitie of the 19th century - Essay Example Harriet Tubman began working as an underground rail operator around 1850; this was immediately after the death of Edward Brodess in 1849. The death of Brodess left Tubman and the remaining members of her family at risk of being sold so as to settle some of her master’s debts. She ran away to freedom and found her way through the Underground Railroad to Philadelphia. In Philadelphia, she began working as a domestic help in saving some of the money she was being paid with the aim of saving her family members from slavery. The Underground Railroad was not a real railroad but a way for slaves to escape to freedom in the north. She was an operator or a conductor (Bradford ). These are the people who helped the slaves run away to freedom. These conductors showed the slaves where to hide so that the slave-hunters could not get them. They also got the food to eat and clothing before they got an alternative source of income.  She worked hard to save money for the intended trip home. Immediately the money was enough she left her job to free her sister.  ... She ran away to freedom and found her way through the Underground Railroad to Philadelphia. In Philadelphia she began working as a domestic help in saving some of the money she was being paid with the aim of saving her family members from slavery. The Underground Railroad was not a real rail road but a way for slaves to escape to freedom in the north. She was an operator or a conductor (Bradfrod ). These are the people who helped the slaves run away to freedom. These conductors showed the slaves where to hide so that the slave hunters could not get them. They also got them food to eat and clothing before they got an alternative source of income. Tubman initial aim was to get her family to liberty after she had freed herself to Philadelphia. She worked hard to save money for the intended trip home. Immediately the money was enough she left her job to free her sister. This is where her work began that later gave her the recognition that she has had until today. Tubman felt bad about th e suffering experienced by her family, friends and relatives in the hands of their masters. In the process of freeing her sister she decided to include others on the first trip (Sernett 20-50). She managed to save her family including her father, mother, brothers and sisters, cousins and nephews. It is estimated that she made between eleven to thirteen trips saving and protecting many slaves from masters and slave hunters. The many trips to free slaves made her famous for her work at the same time risking her life. At one moment the slave hunters grew tired of her activities and in decided to offer an award worth $ 40000 to anyone who would bring them Tubman. This did not deter her in her endeavor to

International Political Economy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Political Economy - Assignment Example ment of patents and copyrights which will strictly intellectual property rights and investor-state-arbitration that will grant investor the right to initiate dispute against a foreign government under the international law. Personally, I do not think it is necessary to have an additional agreement such as TPP to govern MNCs and FDIs because there are already existing frameworks that functions like TPP such as GATT, NAFTA, APEC etch. TPP however strengthens the enforcement of intellectual property rights and provide investors to initiate dispute against foreign government which could instill confidence among MNCs and FDIs. Recently, President Barack Obama visited its allies in Asia the latest of which is the Philippines. Albeit the two countries had different expectation about Obama’s visit, where President Obama is lobbying for the TPP and the Philippines to get the commitment of United States against China’s increasing aggression, the latter expressed openness and willingness to participate in the TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership). Walmart is good for the US/global welfare because it has dramatically cut the price of products by partnering with China. By offshoring its supply center to China, the cost of goods that will be sold drastically dropped making goods and services more affordable and therefore good for US/global welfare. Walmart changed the center of power in retailing that manufacturers no longer dictates price which made it expensive but rather the retailer such as Walmart which is sensitive to the market and dramatically dropped it. Walmart is not good for women. In its drive to bring the cost of its retailed products down, one of the components it downgraded is the salary and benefits of its employees. In addition, there had been reports also that Walmart discriminate against women in its retail outlets which made the retail giant not good for women. Cutting costs to sell cheap had the implication of not only lowering salaries which is

Human Resource Management in Practice. Explanation of human`s skills Assignment

Human Resource Management in Practice. Explanation of human`s skills - Assignment Example Business competencies involve understanding the needs of the business and proposing logical solution to the issues. It also involves business knowledge, efficiency in planning and execution as well as promotion of strategic thought process. In addition to this a development of practitioners also implies that interpersonal traits like the ability to generate confidence and trust, ability to influence the stakeholders, enhancing workforce diversity and proper networking between the stakeholders. Finally a practitioner must also display personal skills including adaptability and the ability to handle disputes and conflicts emerging in the activities among the individuals as well as grooming of the personality and development of individuals. Finally, sound technical skills and domain knowledge along with excellent intellectual abilities is a key towards developing the best practitioners so as to ensure organizational excellence (Erasmus, Loedolf & Hammann, 2010, p.27). The seminar and th e analysis of the topic helped in understanding the importance of time management and interpersonal skills that must be acquired for being an excellent practitioner. The importance of proper planning and execution was also understood as it is largely an essential trait towards development of the career as a practitioner. Communications and meeting skills Leadership is one of the most essential aspects for a successful organization. A successful business leader must essentially have excellent communication abilities as well as empathy in his/her behaviour. A leader must be able to effectively communicate in a manner so that the messages are effectively communicated and clearly understood by the employees and other individuals. A charismatic approach and a good persuasive power is one of the key aspects of communications that must be present in a good leader leading a business (Cohn & Moran, 2011, pp.1-3). Certain other aspects of good communication and meeting skills also include an ability to use effective language that induces individuals to listen actively to the communication. In a meeting the communication skills of the manager must be such that tends to capture the attention of the audience. Use of poor language should be avoided at all costs as it is totally unethical and improper to hurt any person’s sentiments. It is also necessary for a manager to have good ability to provide concrete feedbacks; in this context effective leaders also do not devote their entire time in a meeting speaking and relaying his/her own views and thoughts. An effective leader or a good manager always tries to be accommodative and also listens to what is being said and spoken from the other end. Patience is one key aspect that must be followed by a leader in a course of a formal meeting or interaction. These traits along with a proper vision and time management are the key drivers that can help generate effective business leaders (Bacal, 2004, p.140-146). The seminar hel ped in the learning process by helping analyse the importance communication in an effective leader. Real life role plays also gave a practical understanding of the aspect. The exercise